measurement noise การใช้

• In these cases, the least squares estimate amplifies the measurement noise and may be grossly inaccurate.
• This is because external air has natural fluctuations in and water vapor content, which can introduce measurement noise.
• A higher spatial resolution of 12.5 km is also achieved through special processing, but has significantly more measurement noise.
• The problem of distinguishing between measurement noise and unmodelled dynamics is a difficult one and is treated in control theory under the framework of robust control.
• The predicted state estimate and measurement residual are evaluated at the mean of the process and measurement noise terms, which is assumed to be zero.
• It is based on a factor analysis model for which a Bayesian maximum a posteriori method optimizes the model parameters under the assumption of Gaussian measurement noise.
• PI controllers are fairly common, since derivative action is sensitive to measurement noise, whereas the absence of an integral term may prevent the system from reaching its target value.
• The test statistic is compared with a threshold value, which is determined based on the requirements for the probability of false alarm ( Pfa ) and the expected measurement noise.
• Both additive white Gaussian system noise \ mathbf { v } ( t ) and additive white Gaussian measurement noise \ mathbf { w } ( t ) affect the system.
• The reliable eigenvalue can be found by assuming that eigenvalues of extremely similar and low value are a good representation of measurement noise ( which is assumed low for most systems ).
• Since the uncertainty ( and hence measurement noise ) stays constant at as the amplitude of the oscillation increases, the state behaves more and more like a sinusoidal wave, as shown in Figure 1.
• Where \ delta _ x is the width of the pixels used to sample the function, Q is the quantum efficiency of the detector, and \ sigma indicates the standard deviation of the measurement noise.
• The MFOE can be optimized at time \ tau as a function of the f _ m s for given measurement noise, target dynamics, and non-recursive sliding data window size, " N ".
• But we do not see any unexplained signature above the level of the measurement noise in " Cassini " data taken from 2004 to 2016 . " Observations of Saturn's orbit neither prove nor disprove that Planet Nine exists.
• Given the measurement noise in \ mathbf { y }'_ { 1 } and \ mathbf { y }'_ { 2 } it is rather likely that the epipolar constraint is not satisfied and the projection lines do not intersect.
• Clearly, since Figure 6 includes the ideal \ mu _ 2 based on the expected value of acceleration, i . e ., the actual acceleration; an estimate which includes measurement noise can only degrade the accuracy as shown in Figure 7.
• In order for the F . OR . M . theory to be strictly applicable, either the input noise distributions need to be Gaussian or the measurement noise standard deviations need to be small relative to rate of change in the output near the solution.
• In a hardware system, such as a tracking radar, the measurement noise variance \ sigma _ \ varepsilon ^ 2 can be determined from measurements when there is no target return  i . e ., by just taking measurements of the noise alone.
• In some scenarios, the vast majority of events had a negligible amount of energy within the filter bandwidth ( i . e ., below the measurement noise floor ), while a small number of events had energies at least 30-40 times the average value, making them very clearly visible.
• Consider tuning a 2nd order predictor applied to the simple and practical tracking example in to minimize the MSE when the target acceleration is 20 m / s ^ 2; the zero mean, stationary, and white measurement noise is described as \ sigma _ \ eta = 25m; and \ Delta = 1 second.